THE DEATH CERTIFICATE FOR THE “TWO-CLASS HYPOTHESIS” OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN POPULATION

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THE DEATH CERTIFICATE FOR THE “TWO-CLASS HYPOTHESIS” OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN POPULATION

Ha Van Thuy

Abstract

In the 1920s of the last century, after finding the bones of ancient people in the Indonesian Niah cave, the two-layer hypothesis of the Southeast Asian population was born and accepted. But many years ago, anthropologists discovered that the replacement of the Australoid population by the South Mongoloid population was not a mechanical replacement but due to a small number of East Asians carrying Mongoloid genes supplementing the Southeast Asian population, genetically transforming the Southeast Asian population into the South Mongoloid race. This was a large-scale population process that took place throughout Southeast Asia and South Asia, transforming the entire population into the South Mongoloid race in the Bronze Age.

Wikipedia on 11/13/24 wrote:

“The ‘Two-layer’ hypothesis, or immigration hypothesis, is an archaeological hypothesis that human occupation of mainland Southeast Asia occurred in two distinct phases by two distinct racial groups, hence the term ‘layer’. [ 1 ] According to the Two-layer Hypothesis, the first Australo-Melanesian natives comprised the first population of Southeast Asia before they genetically mixed with a second wave of inhabitants from East Asia, including South China, during the agricultural expansion of the Neolithic period. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Much of the evidence for the Two-Layer Hypothesis consists of dental and morphological analyses from archaeological sites across Southeast Asia, most notably Thailand and Vietnam.

The first fossil skeletal remains and signs of the first 'Proto-Australian' Southeast Asian inhabitants appeared in 1920 during an excavation by Dubois on the island of Java.[4] Despite this, a formal connection with mainland Southeast Asia and the suggestion of an early population of Australomelanesoids was not made by Koenigswald until 1952 in reply to Hooijer,[5] who had severely criticised the attribution of 'large-toothed' dental remains to the early Australo-Melanesians.[6] The immigration hypothesis proposed by Koenigswald was formally termed the 'Two-layer' model by Jacob Teuku. In 1967, Teuku analysed the skull and dental proportions of 152 adult skeletal specimens collected from prehistoric sites in Malaysia and Indonesia, most of which had robust jaws and teeth, prominent glabellae and elongated limbs. Teuku argues that these features correspond to the Australo-Melanesian population proposed by Koenigswald, which predated the Neolithic East Asian immigrants; it also suggests that the first inhabitants may have been forced southward by a second wave of migration to mainland Southeast Asia due to competition or conflict over resources.”

Up to now, humanity knows of three human migrations out of Africa, which took place 130,000 years ago, 125,000 years ago and 83,000 years ago. The first two migrations were completely unsuccessful. Only the third escape was successful. After a journey of 13,000 years, from the Red Sea Gate along the Indian Ocean Arc, 5,000 people of haplogroup M and 1,000 people of haplogroup N were brought to Hoa Binh Vietnam 70,000 years ago (1). In Hoa Binh, the two haplogroups M and N harmonized to form four ancient Vietnamese races: Indonesian, Melanesian, Mongoloid and Negritos. (2) That was the initial situation. But because the M people were too numerous and the N people were too few, there was a dispute over gene sources. The M people took over the N people's genes, causing the number of Mongoloids to decrease after each generation. Meanwhile, the number of Indonesians increased, accounting for 60% of the population. To preserve their race, about 300 Mongoloids left Hoa Binh and went to live in isolation in the Northwest region of Vietnam, which was frozen. This explains why there were no Mongoloids in Vietnam and Southeast Asia during the Stone Age. Archaeologists found the only skeleton of a Mongoloid 68,000 years ago in Liujiang, Guangxi, as evidence of this event.

50,000 years ago, due to rising temperatures, a population explosion occurred, bringing about 100,000 ancient Vietnamese Indonesians, Melanesians and Negritos from Hoa Binh to the Sundaland continent, the South Pacific, Australia and India. (3)

40,000 years ago, the North warmed up, leading to a new population explosion, bringing Hoa Binh people to mainland China to become the ancestors of the Chinese, Koreans and Japanese. One line went to Northeast Asia to 30,000 years ago through the Bering Strait to become the ancestors of Native Americans. Another line of about 10,000 people went to the west of mainland China, through Central Asia and then into Turkey and Greece, becoming the ancestors of Europeans. (4)

Meanwhile, the Mongoloid community living in Northwest Vietnam, followed the Bashu corridor to Inner Mongolia, becoming the Northern Mongol race.(5)

In the Yangtze River basin, the Vietnamese built a developed agricultural economy, growing millet, rice, and raising chickens, dogs, and pigs. When the last Ice Age ended, about 9,000 years ago, the ancient Vietnamese moved up from here to build agriculture in the Yellow River basin. Around 7,000 BC, millet and rice were brought up to grow on the Loess Plateau. Here they met the Mongols living on the Northern bank. Intermarriage between the Vietnamese and Mongol communities occurred, giving birth to a new race of people, the South Mongoloid (6). Archaeologists discovered at the Bonfo site in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, a cemetery with the remains of the first South Mongoloid people. The South Mongoloid people increased rapidly in number and around 5,000 BC became the main population of the Yellow River basin, called by anthropologists as the modern Viet people.

During this time, the population on both sides of the Yellow River was more, and there were disputes between the Mongols and the Viet people. In 2698 BC, the Mongols occupied the Central Plains of the Viet and established the Hoang De state. The Viet were defeated and forced to abandon two major economic and cultural centers, Zhoungyuan and Taishan, and flee south. Due to the fierce and prolonged war, many generations of Vietnamese fled to the South Yangtze River and arrived in Vietnam around 2000 BC. The people who came down from the South Yellow River were modern Vietnamese of the South Mongoloid race. Meanwhile, the indigenous people of Vietnam and Southeast Asia were ancient Vietnamese of the Australoid race. By intermarrying with people from the North, the ancient Vietnamese received additional Mongoloid genes, transforming their genetic makeup to the South Mongoloid race.

In the book Southeast Asian Anthropology, (7) Professor Nguyen Dinh Khoa, a leading anthropologist in Vietnam, stated that in the metal age, the process of Mongoloidization of the Southeast Asian and South Asian populations occurred. This was the process of genetic transformation of the indigenous Australoid race into the South Mongoloid race. This event took place over a long period of time, on a large scale in both South Asia and Southeast Asia, creating a unique population event. This process is explained as follows: Born 70,000 years ago, the three ancient Vietnamese races Indonesian, Melanesian and Negritos had Australoid genetic codes, but each person's body contained a certain amount of Mongoloid genes. Of which, the Indonesians, accounting for 60% of the population, had the highest proportion of Mongoloid genes. In the Bronze Age, when mixing blood with the South Mongoloid people returning from the South Yangtze River, receiving more Mongoloid genes, the ancient Vietnamese people transformed into the South Mongoloid race. This phenomenon caused the population of Southeast Asia and South Asia to switch to the South Mongoloid genetic code from the Bronze Age. Thus, in terms of anthropology, in the Bronze Age, Mongoloids appeared and made a spectacular comeback, transforming the entire population of Vietnam and Southeast Asia from Australoid to South Mongogloid. This is a process of genetic transformation, not population replacement.

So, in fact, the Southeast Asian population transition from Australoid to South Mongoloid is real. But it is an internal transformation, over a long period of time, bringing the Southeast Asian and South Asian populations to the South Mongoloid race. If we explain it as the mechanical replacement of the indigenous population by the East Asian population, it will create two problems:

-First, the East Asian population is small while the Southeast Asian and South Asian populations are too large. 38,000 years ago, they accounted for 60% of the world's population. Therefore, there were not enough South Mongoloid people to replace the Australoid people.

-Second, where will the large mass of displaced Australoids go? While we know, there was no genocide during this period.

1. In fact, in East Asia as well as Southeast Asia at the end of the Neolithic period, there were no "two classes of population" but only a single ancient Vietnamese community with Australoid genetic code that existed since the Stone Age. In the Bronze Age, this community received Mongoloid genes and transformed into modern Vietnamese of the South Mongoloid race.

2. The theory that "the second wave of residents from East Asia, including South China, during the agricultural expansion of the Neolithic period" is just a fantasy. In reality, there was no "wave of population from East Asia", "during the agricultural expansion of the Neolithic period". In fact, there was no such thing as migration during the process of "agricultural expansion". Studies on the agricultural development process in the Yangtze River basin show that wet rice farming is a very labor-intensive profession. There was no surplus of local labor, but only enough to serve the local work. Therefore, there was no labor movement from the Yangtze basin to the South. It is a myth that the expansion of agriculture led to migration southward because the dense population in the south always created a population gradient to the north, without a natural population shift to the south in the pre-Christian period. Only during the fierce wars of the Warring States period did there occur large migrations to the south.

3. Wikipedia writes “Recent genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that both Australo-Melanesian and East Asian-related populations migrated by the southern route, with Australo-Melanesians using the coastal route along the coast of the Indian peninsula into Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania, while East Asian-related groups used the southern or trans-Himalayan route into mainland Southeast Asia, from where basal East Asians expanded north and south by 50,000 BC, respectively. East Asian-related ancestry is much more common in Maritime Southeast Asia than previously suggested, long before the expansion of Austroasiatic and Austronesian peoples.”

4. To be fair, the school of thought advocating the “Two Population Classes” is not without reason. But that “reason” only appeared more than 2000 years later thanks to archaeological surveys of the bones of ancient Vietnamese Australoids and modern Vietnamese South Mongoloids. Obviously, in the Vietnamese population there are two classes of people with two different morphological bone classes. But it is not the result of population replacement, the later class of people occupying land, “replacing” the earlier class of people. It is the genetic transformation that has taken place over thousands of years, two ethnic groups of the same Vietnamese race living together in harmony and transforming their genes, turning the ancient Vietnamese into the modern Vietnamese race.

Conclusion.

Emerging in the 1920s, it is also because of that “reason” that the “Two Classes Hypothesis” exists to this day. On October 3, 2017, Scientific Reports magazine published the study “Geographical and genetic suvey of Vietnamese people reveal complex historical demographic fluctuations” by nine international authors led by S. Pischedda. This is the first large-scale genetic survey of the Vietnamese population. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of many Vietnamese and international researchers.

Regarding the origin of the Vietnamese people, the Project proposed a “Two-layer scenario”: “From an anthropological point of view, the overall scenario is that today’s Vietnamese people have a dual ethnic origin: a major component from Southern China, overlapping a minor component originating from a Thai-Indonesian mixture.” It is impossible to understand why a large Project, with up to 9 international authors participating, made such a gross mistake? Without going into specific expertise, just based on basic knowledge of genetics, we see that the Project has collapsed beyond repair!

With such an origin, the Vietnamese must be descendants of the Chinese. Therefore, of course, the biodiversity of the Vietnamese must be less than that of the Chinese. But in fact, modern Asian population genetic surveys confirm: “The Asian population is of the same South Mongoloid race, in which the Vietnamese are the oldest and have the highest biodiversity.” (8) This fact refutes the idea that Southern Chinese people replaced the indigenous people to create the modern Vietnamese population!

A question that needs to be answered: If not from South China, where did the South Mongoloid people come from to form the Vietnamese population? The Man Bac site gives us the answer. At the Man Bac site in Ninh Binh province, archaeologists discovered a cemetery with more than 30 remains of Australoid and South Mongoloid people buried together. This proves that, at the beginning of the Bronze Age, a small number of South Mongoloid people from South China came to Vietnam to live with the indigenous people. The process of blood mixing took place. Receiving the Mongoloid gene source, the Australoid indigenous people transformed into South Mongoloid. This shows that it was not the "class" of people from the North who flooded down to replace them, but a small number of immigrants who lived together for a long time that transformed the genetic makeup of the Vietnamese and Southeast Asian population into South Mongoloid. A small number of people from South China who came down for a long time transformed the genetic makeup of the ancient Vietnamese people into the South Mongoloid race. Meanwhile, the small number of South Chinese people with low biodiversity does not reduce the biodiversity of the Vietnamese people. Therefore, overall, the biodiversity of the Vietnamese people is still the highest among the Asian population. That is the only satisfactory explanation for the population phenomenon that occurred in Vietnam and Southeast Asia during the Bronze Age.

With these lines, we announce the "death sentence" for the "Two-layer hypothesis" of the formation of the Southeast Asian population that has bothered many scholars for more than a hundred years!

Saigon, November 17, 2024

Inference

1. Hà Văn Thùy. The formation process of the origin and culture of the Viet people. NXB Nhân Ảnh USA. 2020.

2. Melinda A.Yang et al. 40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.030Get rights and content

3. The numbers 5,000 people of haplogroup M, 1,000 people of haplogroup N, 300 Mongolians... are ours. We feel that every meaningful event that happens on Earth radiates energy along with information that exists somewhere in the universe. People with special abilities can receive energy and information from the past. Using a dowsing pendulum, we determined on the map the capital of Liangzhu of Shennong country, the capital of Chengtoushan of Van Lang country... We asked the pendulum: "50,000 years ago, how many people went from Hoa Binh to the islands of Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, Australia and India?" The pendulum answered: "100,000". Comparing the time and space that humans occupied during this migration, we find the number 100,000 people acceptable. The numbers we gave cannot be verified. But when compared, we feel they are reasonable and should be used as research material. When someone gives more convincing numbers, we will adjust.

4. AMIT MALEWAR. Ancient Mongolian skull is the earliest modern human yet found in the region https://www.techexplorist.com/ancient-mongolian-skull-earliest-modern-human-found-region/20514//

5. Zhou Jixu. The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China: The Disparity between Archeological Discovery and the Documentary Record and Its Explanation.

SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 175 December, 2006

6. Nguyễn Đình Khoa. Nhân chủng học Đông Nam Á. NXB DH&THCN. H, 1983

7. S. W. Ballinger et al. Southeast Asian Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Genetic Continuity of Ancient Mongoloid Migrations   NCBIhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles

8. S. Pischedda et al. Geographical and genetic suvey of Vietnamese people reveal complex historical demographic fluctuations